X-RAY DIFFRACTION TECHNIQUES IN MATERIALS CHARACTERISATION

Content

Weeks	Topics
1. Weeks	Properties of X-rays a. Electromagnetic radiation. b. Production of X-rays. b. The continuous spectrum. c.The characteristic spectrum.
2. Weeks	Properties of X-rays (continued) a. Absorption. b. Filters. c.Detection of x-rays.
3. Weeks	Directions of diffracted beams a. Diffraction. b.The Bragg law. c. X-ray spectroscopy.
4. Weeks	Directions of diffracted beams (continued) a. Diffraction directions. b.Diffraction methods. c.Diffraction under nonideal conditions.
5. Weeks	Intensitiesof diffracted beams a. Scattering by an electron. b. Scattering by an atom.
6. Weeks	Intensitiesof diffracted beams (continued) a. Scattering by a unit cell. b. Some useful relations. c.Structure-factor calculations.
7. Weeks	Intensitiesof diffracted beams (continued) a. Multiplicity factor. b.Lorentz factor. c. Absorption factor. d.Temperature factor. e.Intensities of powder pattern lines. f.Examples of intensity calculations.
8. Weeks	Structure of Polycrystalline Aggregates a.Depth of x-ray penetration.
9. Weeks	Determination of Crystal Structure a.Indexing patterns of cubic crystals. b.Indexing patterns of cubic crystals (analytical methods). c.Determination of the number of atoms in a unit cell. d.Determination of atom positions in a unit cell. e. Example of structure determination.
10. Weeks	Precise parameter measurements a. Method of least squares. b. Cohens Method.
11. Weeks	Chemical analysis by x-ray diffraction a.Basic principles. b.Powder diffraction file. c.Procedure. d.Examples of analysis. e.Practical difficulties.
12. Weeks	Chemical analysis by x-ray diffraction (continued) a. External standard method. b. Direct comparison method. c.Internal standard method. d.Practical difficulties.
13. Weeks	Diffractometer and spectrometer measurements a.X-ray optics. b.Proportional counters. c.Geiger counters. d.Scintillation counters. e. Semiconductor counters. f.Pulse-height analysis. g. Scalers. h.Ratemeters. i. Monochromatic operation.
14. Weeks	Stereographic projection