PHARMACEUTICAL AND BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES III

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Learning Outcomes

Will be able to Evaluate Central Nervous System Anatomically.
• Lists the parts of the brain (cerebrum). • Lists the structures that develop in the anterior brain (telencephalon and diencephalon). • Lists the structures that develop in the middle brain (mesencephalon). • Lists the structures developing from the posterior brain (pons, bulbus and cerebellum). • Describes the structures forming the basal ganglia. • Describes the structures forming the limbic system. • Describes incoming and outgoing paths and functions. • Lists the vessels feeding the brain. • Lists the brain and spinal cord membranes. • Explains the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). • Explains the gross anatomy of the spinal cord. • Explains the internal structure of the spinal cord. • Lists the vessels feeding the spinal cord.
Will be able to Evaluate Central Nervous System Physiologically.
• Explains the physiological organization of the central nervous system. • Distinguishes the functional levels of central nervous system. • Describes the concepts of neuroregulator, neuromediator, neuromodulator and neurohormone. • Categorizes the neuroregulators in the central nervous system according to their structure. • Gives examples of neuroregulators in the central nervous system. • Gives examples of neuromediators in the central nervous system. • Gives examples of neuromodulators in the central nervous system. • Gives examples of neurohormones in the central nervous system. • Lists the adrenergic pathways of the central nervous system. • Lists the noradrenergic pathways of the central nervous system. • Distinguishes adrenergic receptors in central nervous system. • Describes the central effects of adrenaline. • Explains the central mechanisms of action of adrenaline. • Describes the central effects of Noradrenaline. • Explains the central mechanisms of action of noradrenaline. • Lists the dopaminergic pathways of the central nervous system. • Distinguishes the dopaminergic receptors in the central nervous system. • Describes the central effects of dopamine. • Explains the central mechanisms of action of dopamine. • Lists the cholinergic pathways of the central nervous system. • Distinguishes the cholinergic receptors in the central nervous system. • Describes the central effects of acetylcholine. • Describes the central mechanisms of action of acetylcholine. • Describes the synthesis of serotonin. • Describes the release of serotonin. • Describes the destruction of serotonin. • Describes serotonin receptors. • Describes post-synaptic processes stimulated by serotonin. • Describes the central effects of serotonin. • Explains the central mechanisms of serotonin. • Describes the synthesis of histamine. • Describes the release of histamine. • Describes the destruction of histamine. • Describes histamine receptors. • Explains histamine stimulated post synaptic processes. • Describes the central effects of histamine. • Explains the mechanisms of central mechanisms of histamine. • Explains the synthesis of excitatory amino acids. • Explains the release of excitatory amino acids. • Explains the destruction of excitatory amino acids. • Describes the receptors of excitatory amino acids. • Explains post synaptic processes induced by excitatory amino acids. • Explains the central effects of excitatory amino acids. • Explains the central mechanism of action of excitatory amino acids. • Describes the synthesis of inhibitor amino acids. • Describes the release of inhibitor amino acids. • Describes the destruction of inhibitor amino acids. • Describes the receptors of inhibitory amino acids. • Explains post synaptic processes induced by inhibitor amino acids. • Describes the central effects of inhibitor amino acids. • Describes the central mechanisms of action of inhibitor amino acids. • Describes the synthesis of peptide-structured neuroregulators. • Describes the release of peptide-structured neuroregulators. • Describes the degradation of peptide-structured neuroregulators. • Describes receptors of peptide-structured neuroregulators. • Explains post synaptic processes induced by peptide neuroregulators. • Describes the central effects of peptide neuroregulators. • Describes the central mechanisms of action of peptide neuroregulators. • Describes the types of sensory receptors and the stimuli they are sensitive to. • Explains the conversion of sensory stimuli to nerve impulses. • Distinguishes the nerve fibers that transmit different types of signals. • Classifies the nerve fibers from the physiological point of view. • Describes the transmission of signals of different intensity in nerve tracts. • Describes the transmission and processing of signals in neuron pools. • Categorizes somatic senses. • Discusses the processes of detection and transmission of touch walls. • Explains sensory pathways that transmit somatic signals to the central nervous system. • Describes the transport of the message in the dorsal colon-medial lymphatic system. • Explains the transmission of sensory signals on the anterolateral path. • Discusses the specific features of somatic sensory functions. • Explains the types and characteristics of pain. • Explains fast pain and slow pain. • Explains pain receptors and processes induced by stimulation of these receptors. • Explains the transmission of pain signals to the central nervous system. • Distinguishes pain suppression systems in brain and spinal cord. • Explains the concept of reflected pain. • Explains the concept of visceral pain. • Explains general concepts of thermal senses. • Describes the organization of the spinal cord for motor functions. • Explains the role of muscle sensory receptors, muscle spindles and goigi tendon organs in muscle control. • Describes flexor reflex and withdrawal reflexes. • Defines the concept of cross-extensor reflex. • Discusses the concepts of reciprocal innervation and inhibition. • Describes posture and movement reflexes. • Lists the spinal cord reflexes causing muscle spasm. • Explains autonomic reflexes in the spinal cord. • Explains the concepts of spinal cord and spinal shock. • Explain the concepts of motor cortex and corticospinal path. • Explains the control of the motor function by the Brainstem • Discusses the concepts of vestibular senses and balance protection. • Describes the functions of brainstem nuclei in the control of unconscious, repetitive movements. • Explains the relationship between cerebellum and motor functions. • Explains the relationship between basal ganglia and motor functions. • Describes how the different parts of the motor control system are integrated. • Describes the physiological anatomy of the brain cortex. • Explains the functions of specific areas of the cerebral cortex. • Discusses the function of the brain in communication. • Describes the function of the corpus callosum and the anterior commissure to transfer thought, memory, learning and other information between two cerebral hemispheres. • Explains the concepts of thoughts, consciousness and memory. • Describes the stimulating and stimulating systems of the brain. • Explains the limbic system and functional anatomy of this system. • Explains the key position of the hypothalamus. • Describes the basic control center of the limbic system. • Explains the specific functions of other parts of the limbic system. • Describes sleep physiology. • Explains brain waves. • Defines the concepts of seizure and epilepsy. • Describes psychotic behavior. • Describes the concepts of stagnant memory and dementia. • Explains brain blood flow. • Discusses the cerebrospinal fluid system. • Describes brain metabolism. • Explains the transmission of warnings from nerve endings to skeletal muscle fibers. • Describes the structure of the nerve-muscle junction in detail. • Explains the formation of muscle action potential. • Describes excitation-contraction matching. • Explains general mechanism of muscle contraction • Explains molecular level mechanism of muscle contraction • Explains energy use properties of muscle contraction • Explains all muscle contractile properties • Distinguishes normal body temperatures. • Discusses physiological processes related to body temperature adjustment. • Explains the role of the hypothalamus in regulating body temperature • Discusses the disorders associated with the regulation of body temperature. • Discusses the balance of energy intake and consumption in fixed conditions • Explains regulation of nutrition and energy storage • Explains concepts of obesity, weakness, anorexia, cachexia and hunger • Explains the concept of leukocytes. • Describes the properties of leukocytes. • Explains the concept of granulocytes. • Describes the properties of granulocytes. • Explains monocyte-macrophage cell system. • Explains the concept of inflammation. • Discusses inflammatory processes.
Will be able to Evaluate the Pharmacological Aspects of Central Nervous System Drugs.
• Classifies antidepressant drugs. • Explains pharmacokinetic properties of antidepressant drugs. • Distinguishes the mechanisms of action of antidepressant drugs. • Distinguishes the indications of antidepressant drugs. • Indicates antidepressant drugs for indications. • Describes the side effects of antidepressant drugs. • Explains contraindications of antidepressant drugs. • Classifies antimanic drugs. • Explains pharmacokinetic properties of antimanic drugs. • Distinguishes the mechanism of action of antimanic drugs. • Distinguishes the indications of antimanic drugs. • Gives examples of antimanic drugs for indications. • Describes the side effects of antimanic drugs. • Explains the contraindications of antimanic drugs. • Classifies antipsychotic drugs. • Explains pharmacokinetic properties of antipsychotic drugs. • Distinguishes the mechanisms of action of antipsychotic drugs. • Distinguishes the indications of antipsychotic drugs. • Gives examples of antipsychotic drugs for indications. • Describes the side effects of antipsychotic drugs. • Explains the contraindications of antipsychotic drugs. • Categorizes opioid analgesics. • Explains the pharmacokinetic properties of opioid analgesics. • Distinguishes the mechanism of action of opioid analgesics. • Distinguishes the indications of opioid analgesics. • Indicates opioid analgesics for the indications used. • Describes the side effects of opioid analgesics. • Explains contraindications of opioid analgesics • Categorizes non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. • Explains the pharmacokinetic properties of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. • Distinguishes the mechanisms of action of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. • Distinguishes the indications of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. • Gives examples of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for indications. • Describes the side effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. • Explains the contraindications of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. • Classifies the drugs used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders • Explains the pharmacokinetic properties of drugs used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders. • Distinguishes the mechanism of action of drugs used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders. • Distinguishes the indications of the drugs used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders. • Gives examples of drugs for indications. • Describes the side effects of drugs used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders. • Explains the contraindications of drugs used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders. • Classifies the drugs used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease • Explains the pharmacokinetic properties of drugs used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. • Distinguishes the mechanisms of action of drugs used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. • Distinguishes the indications of drugs used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. • Gives examples of anti-Alzheimer drugs for the indications used. • Describes the side effects of drugs used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. • Explains the contraindications of drugs used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. • Classifies general anesthetics • Explains the pharmacokinetic properties of general anesthetics. • Distinguishes the mechanisms of action of general anesthetics. • Distinguishes the indications of general anesthetics. • Gives examples of general anesthetics for the indications used. • Describes the side effects of general anesthetics. • Explains contraindications of general anesthetics. • Classifies local anesthetics. • Explains the pharmacokinetic properties of local anesthetics. • Distinguishes the mechanism of action of local anesthetics. • Distinguishes the indications of local anesthetics. • Gives examples of local anesthetics for indications. • Describes the side effects of local anesthetics. • Explains the contraindications of local anesthetics. • Categorizes the central acting muscle relaxants. • Explains pharmacokinetic properties of central acting muscle relaxants. • Distinguishes the mechanisms of action of central acting muscle relaxants. • Distinguishes the indications of central acting muscle relaxants. • Gives an example to the central acting muscle relaxants for the indications used. • Describes the side effects of central acting muscle relaxants. • Explains contraindications of central acting muscle relaxants. • Classifies neuromuscular blockers. • Explains pharmacokinetic properties of neuromuscular blockers. • Distinguishes the mechanisms of action of neuromuscular blockers. • Distinguishes the indications of neuromuscular blockers. • Gives examples of neuromuscular blockers for indications. • Describes the side effects of neuromuscular blockers. • Explains contraindications of neuromuscular blockers. • Categorizes cellular effective muscle relaxants. • Explains the pharmacokinetic properties of cellular relaxants. • Distinguishes the mechanisms of action of cellular relaxants. • Distinguishes the indications of cellular relaxants. • Gives examples of cellular action muscle relaxants for indications. • Describes the side effects of cellular relaxant muscle relaxants. • Explains contraindications of cellular relaxants. • Classifies hypnosedative drugs. • Explains the pharmacokinetic properties of hypnotic drugs. • Distinguishes the mechanisms of action of hypnotic drugs. • Distinguishes the indications of hypnotic drugs. • Gives examples of hypnosedatics for indications. • Describes the side effects of hypnosedatics. • Explains the contraindications of hypnotic drugs.
Will be able to Evaluate Adverse Effects of Central Nervous System Drugs.
• Lists the adverse effects induced by antidepressant drugs. • Explains the mechanism of adverse effects induced by antidepressant drugs. • Explains the risk factors for adverse effects induced by antidepressant drugs. • Lists drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions. • Explains drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions. • Lists the adverse effects induced by antimanic drugs. • Explains the mechanism of antimanic drugs induced adverse effects. • Explains the risk factors for antimanic drugs induced adverse effects. • Lists drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions. • Explains drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions. • Lists the adverse effects induced by antipsychotic drugs. • Explains the mechanism of antipsychotic drugs induced adverse effects. • Explains the risk factors of adverse effects induced by antipsychotic drugs. • Lists drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions. • Explains drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions. • Lists the adverse effects induced by opioid analgesics. • Explains the mechanism of adverse effects induced by opioid analgesics. • Explains the risk factors for adverse effects induced by opioid analgesics. • Lists drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions. • Explains drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions. • Lists the adverse effects induced by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. • Explains the mechanism of adverse effects induced by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. • Explains the risk factors for adverse effects induced by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. • Lists drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions. • Explains drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions. • Lists the adverse effects induced by the drugs used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders. • Explains the mechanism of adverse effects induced by drugs used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders. • Explains the risk factors for the adverse effects induced by drugs used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders. • Lists drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions. • Explains drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions. • Lists the adverse effects induced by drugs used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. • Explains the mechanism of adverse effects induced by drugs used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. • Explains the risk factors for adverse effects induced by drugs used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. • Lists drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions. • Explains drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions. • Lists the adverse effects induced by general anesthetics. • Explains the mechanism of adverse effects induced by general anesthetics. • Explains the risk factors of adverse effects induced by general anesthetics. • Lists drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions. • Explains drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions. • Lists the adverse effects induced by local anesthetics. • Explains the mechanism of adverse effects induced by local anesthetics. • Explains the risk factors for adverse effects induced by local anesthetics. • Lists drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions. • Explains drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions. • Lists the adverse effects induced by centrally acting muscle relaxants. • Explains the mechanism of adverse effects induced by central acting muscle relaxants. • Explains the risk factors for adverse effects induced by centralized muscle relaxants. • Lists drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions. • Explains drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions. • Lists the adverse effects induced by neuromuscular blockers. • Explains the mechanism of adverse effects induced by neuromuscular blockers. • Explains the risk factors for adverse effects induced by neuromuscular blockers. • Lists drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions. • Lists drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions. • Lists the adverse effects induced by cellular relaxant muscle relaxants. • Describes the mechanism of adverse effects induced by cellular relaxants. • Explains the risk factors for the adverse effects induced by cellular relaxants. • Lists drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions. • Explains drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions. • Lists the adverse effects induced by hypnotic drugs. • Explains the mechanism of the adverse effects induced by hypnotic drugs. • Explains the risk factors in the adverse effects induced by hypnotic drugs. • Lists drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions. • Explains drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions.