PHARMACEUTICAL AND BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES II

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Learning Outcomes

Will be able to Evaluate Autonomic Nervous System Anatomically.
• Explains the structures forming the Trunkus sympathetic. • Explains the effects on target organs. • Explains the cranial section. • Explains the sacral section. • Explains the effects on target organs. • Explains the localization of plexus.
Will be able to Evaluate Nervous System and Autonomic Nervous System Physiologically.
• Explains the physiological organization of the nervous system. • Distinguishes the central nervous system. • Distinguishes the peripheral nervous system. • Explains functional parts of neuron. • Explains the concept of membrane potential • Describes the formation, propagation and functions of the action potential. • Describes synapse. • Describes synaptic organization. • Discusses the basic functions of synapses. • Lists the mediators involved in synaptic communication. • Explains the general organization of autonomic nervous system. • Explains the difference of autonomic nervous system from somatic nervous system. • Explains the concept of ganglion. • Explains the basic properties of parasympathetic nervous system. • Explains the basic features of sympathetic nervous system. • Describes autonomic reflexes. • Describes the synthesis of acetylcholine. • Describes the release of acetylcholine. • Describes the destruction of acetylcholine. • Describes acetylcholine receptors. • Explains the mechanism of action of acetylcholine. • Describes the physiological effects of acetylcholine on smooth muscle. • Describes the physiological effects of acetylcholine on the heart muscle. • Describes the physiological effects of acetylcholine on the gland. • Describes the synthesis of Noradrenaline. • Describes the release of Noradrenaline. • Describes the destruction of Noradrenaline. • Describes the receptors of Noradrenaline. • Explains the mechanism of action of Noradrenaline. • Describes the physiological effects of noradrenaline on smooth muscle. • Describes the physiological effects of noradrenaline on the heart muscle. • Explains the physiological effects of noradrenaline on the gland. • Describes the synthesis of adrenaline. • Describes the release of adrenaline. • Describes the destruction of adrenaline. • Describes the receptors of adrenaline. • Explains the mechanism of action of adrenaline. • Explains the physiological effects of adrenaline on smooth muscle. • Explains the physiological effects of adrenaline on the heart muscle. • Explains the physiological effects of adrenaline on the gland. • Describes the synthesis of dopamine. • Describes the release of dopamine. • Describes the destruction of dopamine. • Describes the receptors of dopamine. • Explains the mechanism of action of dopamine. • Explains the physiological effects of dopamine on smooth muscle. • Describes the physiological effects of dopamine on the heart muscle. • Explains the physiological effects of dopamine on the gland. • Explains non-adrenergic non-cholinergic nervous system.
Will be able to Evaluate the Pharmacological Aspects of Autonomic Nervous System Drugs.
• Explains the concept of colinomimetic. • Classifies cholinomimetic drugs. • Explains the pharmacokinetic properties of cholinomimetic drugs. • Distinguishes the mechanisms of action of cholinomimetic drugs. • Distinguishes the indications of cholinomimetic drugs. • Gives an example of cholinomimetic drugs for indications. • Describes the side effects of cholinomimetic drugs. • Explains the contraindications of cholinomimetic drugs. • Explains the concept of parasympatholytic. • Classifies parasympatholytic drugs. • Explains the pharmacokinetic properties of parasympatholytic drugs. • Distinguishes the mechanisms of action of parasympatholytic drugs. • Distinguishes the indications of parasympatholytic drugs. • Gives examples of parasympatholytic drugs for indications. • Describes the side effects of parasympatholytic drugs. • Explains contraindications of parasympatholytic drugs. • Explains the concept of sympathomimetic. • Classifies sympathomimetic drugs. • Explains pharmacokinetic properties of sympathomimetic drugs. • Distinguishes the mechanisms of action of sympathomimetic drugs. • Distinguishes the indications of sympathomimetic drugs. • Gives examples of sympathomimetic drugs for indications. • Describes the side effects of sympathomimetic drugs. • Explains the contraindications of sympathomimetic drugs. • Explains the concept of sympatholith. • Categorizes sympatholytic drugs. • Explains pharmacokinetic properties of sympatholytic drugs. • Distinguishes the mechanisms of action of sympatholytic drugs. • Distinguishes the indications of sympatholytic drugs. • Gives examples of sympatholytic drugs for the indications used. • Describes the side effects of sympatholytic drugs. • Explains the contraindications of sympatholytic drugs. • Explains the concepts of ganglion stimulation and blockade. • Classifies drugs that stimulate and block ganglia. • Explains the pharmacokinetic properties of drugs that stimulate and block ganglia. • Distinguishes the indications of ganglion stimulating drugs. • Gives examples of ganglion-stimulating drugs for indications. • Describes the side effects of ganglion stimulating drugs. • Explains the contraindications of ganglion stimulating drugs.
Will be able to Evaluate Adverse Effects of Autonomic Nervous System Drugs.
• Lists the adverse effects induced by cholinomimetic drugs. • Explains the mechanism of adverse effects induced by cholinomimetic drugs. • Explains the risk factors for adverse reactions induced by cholineomimetic drugs. • Counts drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions. • Explains drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions. • Lists the adverse effects induced by parasympatholytic drugs. • Explains the mechanism of adverse reactions induced by parasympatholytic drugs. • Explains the risk factors for the adverse effects induced by parasympatholytic drugs. • Counts drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions. • Explains drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions. • Lists the adverse effects induced by sympathomimetic drugs. • Explains the mechanism of adverse effects induced by sympathomimetic drugs. • Explains the risk factors for adverse effects induced by sympathomimetic drugs. • Lists drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions. • Explains drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions. • Lists the adverse effects induced by sympatholytic drugs. • Explains the mechanism of adverse effects induced by sympatholytic drugs. • Explains the risk factors of adverse effects induced by sympatholytic drugs. • Lists drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions. • Explains drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions. • Lists adverse effects induced by ganglion stimulants and blockers. • Describes the mechanism of adverse effects induced by ganglion stimulants and blockers. • Explains the risk factors for adverse effects induced by ganglion stimulants and blockers. • Lists drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions. • Explains drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions.
Will be able to Evaluate Cardiovascular and Urinary Systems Anatomically.
• Describes the location of the heart. • Lists the neighborhoods of the heart. • Lists the layers of the heart. • Lists the spaces of the heart. • Lists the coronary vessels and veins of the heart. • Lists the large vessels coming out of the heart. • Describes the heart transmission system. • Explains the aortic arch and branches. • Explains the branches of the thoracic and abdominal aorta. • Explains the upper extremity vessels. • Explains the vessels of the lower extremity. • Groups superficial and deep veins. • Lists the veins of the head and neck. • Lists the extremity veins. • Groups the portal and caval veins. • Groups lymph nodes. • Explains lymphatic drainage. • Describes the structure and structure of kidneys. • Describes the structures forming the upper urinary tract. • Describes the structures forming the lower urinary tract.
Will be able to Evaluate Cardiovascular and Urinary Systems Physiologically.
• Explains the physiology and action potentials of the heart muscle. • Distinguishes systole and diastole formation. • Analyzes the function of the ventricles as the preparatory pump of the atria. • Distinguishes the function of heart valves. • Explains the work done by the heart and the chemical energy required for it and the oxygen consumption of the heart. • Explains the intrinsic regulation-Frank Starling mechanism. • Distinguishes the effects of potassium and calcium ions on cardiac function. • Explains the specific alert and message system of the heart. • Analyzes the sinus node and the A-V node and the passage between the nodes and the signaling of the heart. • Distinguishes the delivery of ventricular purkinje system and cardiac stimulation in ventricular muscle. • Explains neural control of heart rhythm and warning message. • Defines the characteristics of normal electrocardiography and observed waves. • Analyzes the relationship between electrocardiography and heart cycle. • Explains movements around the heart during heart cycle • Explains electrocardiographic interpretation of cardiac muscle and coronary blood flow abnormalities. • Distinguishes abnormal conditions in the QRS complex. • Analyzes prolonged and complex QRS complexes. • Distinguishes between coronary ischemia as a cause of injury and its cause. • Distinguishes T wave anomalies. • Classifies tachycardia, bradycardia and sinus arrhythmia with abnormal sinus rhythms. • Explains sinoatrial block, atrioventricular block, etc. developed due to blocks occurring in warning transmission. • Categorizes atrial and ventricular origin arrhythmias. • Explains atrial and ventricular fibrillation and explain atrium flatium. • Explains ECG findings and physiological process in cardiac arrest. • Explains physical characteristics of circulation and basic theory of circulatory function • Describes differences between pressure, current and resistance. • Describes the contraction of smooth muscle. • Explains contraction with calcium ions. • Explains the neural and hormonal control of smooth muscle contraction. • Discusses the ability of the veins to stretch. • Explains the function of veins, venous pressures and storage of veins. • Analyzes the physiological function of the capillary system. • Describes the normal values of heart rate during rest and activity. • Describes control of heart rate by venous return-frank starling mechanism of the heart • Discusses pathologically high and low heart rates. • Lists the methods of measuring heart rate. • Describes local control of blood flow according to the requirements of the tissue. • Discusses the control mechanisms of blood flow. • Explains humoral control of circulation. • Explains the neural regulation of circulation. • Distinguishes the role of nervous system in rapid control of arterial pressure. • Lists the reflex mechanisms in maintaining normal arterial pressure.
Will be able to Evaluate the Pharmacological Aspects of Cardiovascular and Urinary Systems Drugs.
• Classifies antihypertensive drugs. • Explains pharmacokinetic properties of antihypertensive drugs. • Distinguishes the mechanisms of action of antihypertensive drugs. • Distinguishes the indications of antihypertensive drugs. • Gives examples of antihypertensive drugs for the indications used. • Describes the side effects of antihypertensive drugs. • Explains the contraindications of antihypertensive drugs. • Classifies peripheral vasodilator drugs. • Explains the pharmacokinetic properties of peripheral vasodilators. • Distinguishes the mechanism of action of peripheral vasodilators. • Distinguishes the indications of peripheral vasodilators. • Gives examples of peripheral vasodilator drugs for indications. • Describes the side effects of peripheral vasodilators. • Explains the contraindications of peripheral vasodilators. • Classifies the antianginal drugs. • Explains pharmacokinetic properties of antianginal drugs. • Distinguishes the mechanism of action of antianginal drugs. • Distinguish the indications of antianginal drugs. • Gives examples of antianginal drugs for indications. • Describes the side effects of antianginal drugs. • Explains contraindications of antianginal drugs. • Classifies antiarrhythmic drugs. • Explains pharmacokinetic properties of antiarrhythmic drugs. • Distinguishes the mechanisms of action of antiarrhythmic drugs. • Distinguishes the indications of antiarrhythmic drugs. • Gives examples of antiarrhythmic drugs for indications. • Describes the side effects of antiarrhythmic drugs. • Explains contraindications of antiarrhythmic drugs. • Classifies drugs used against heart failure. • Explains pharmacokinetic properties of drugs used against heart failure. • Distinguishes the mechanisms of action of drugs used against heart failure. • Distinguishes the indications of drugs used against heart failure. • Gives examples of drugs used against heart failure for indications. • Describes the side effects of drugs used against heart failure. • Explains contraindications of drugs used against heart failure. • Classifies hypolipidemic drugs. • Explains the pharmacokinetic properties of hypolipidemic drugs. • Distinguishes the mechanisms of action of hypolipidemic drugs. • Distinguishes the indications of hypolipidemic drugs. • Gives examples of hypolipidemic drugs for indications. • Describes the side effects of hypolipidemic drugs. • Explains the contraindications of hypolipidemic drugs. • Classifies anticoagulant drugs. • Explains pharmacokinetic properties of anticoagulant drugs. • Distinguishes the mechanisms of action of anticoagulant drugs. • Distinguishes the indications of anticoagulant drugs. • Gives an example of anticoagulant drugs for indications. • Explains the use of anticoagulant drugs in special patient groups. • Describes the side effects of anticoagulant drugs. • Explains the contraindications of anticoagulant drugs. • Classifies antithrombocytic drugs. • Explains pharmacokinetic properties of antithrombocytic drugs. • Distinguishes the mechanisms of action of antithrombocytic drugs. • Distinguishes the indications of antithrombocytic drugs. • Gives examples of antithrombocytic drugs for indications. • Explains the use of antithrombocytic drugs in special patient groups. • Describes the side effects of antithrombocytic drugs. • Explains contraindications of antithrombocytic drugs. • Classifies thrombolytic drugs. • Explains pharmacokinetic properties of thrombolytic drugs. • Distinguishes the mechanisms of action of thrombolytic drugs. • Distinguishes the indications of thrombolytic drugs. • Gives examples of thrombolytic drugs for indications. • Explains the use of thrombolytic drugs in special patient groups. • Describes the side effects of thrombolytic drugs. • Explains the contraindications of thrombolytic drugs. • Lists hemostatic drugs and hemostatic blood products used for replacement • Explains the application properties of haemostatic drugs and hemostatic blood products used for replacement. • Distinguishes the mechanisms of action of haemostatic drugs and hemostatic blood products used for replacement • Distinguishes between hemostatic drugs and hemostatic blood products used for replacement. • Gives examples of hemostatic drugs and hemostatic blood products for replacement for indications. • Explains the side effects of hemostatic drugs and the use of hemostatic blood products used for replacement. • Classifies blood plasma products, solutions that expand the plasma volume. • lists the properties of blood plasma products and solutions that extend the volume of plasma. • Distinguishes the use of blood, plasma products and solutions that extend the plasma volume. • Gives examples of blood plasma products for indications used, and solutions that extend the plasma volume. • Describes the side effects of blood plasma products and solutions that extend the plasma volume. • Classifies antianemic drugs. • Explains the properties of antianemic drugs. • Explains the pharmacokinetic properties of antianemic drugs. • Distinguishes the mechanism of action of antianemic drugs. • Distinguishes the indications of antianemic drugs. • Indicates antianemic drugs for indications. • Explains the use of antianemic drugs in special patient groups. • Describes the side effects of antianemic drugs. • Explains contraindications of antianemic drugs. • Classifies drugs affecting water, salt and acid-base balance. • Explains pharmacokinetic properties of drugs affecting water, salt and acid-base balance. • Explains the mechanism of action of drugs affecting water, salt and acid-base balance. • Distinguishes between water, salt and acid-base drugs. • Gives examples of drugs that affect water, salt and acid-base balance for the indications used. • Describes the side effects of drugs that affect water, salt and acid-base balance.
Will be able to Evaluate Adverse Effects of Cardiovascular and Urinary Systems Drugs.
• Lists the adverse effects induced by antihypertensive drugs. • Explains the mechanism of adverse effects induced by antihypertensive drugs. • Explain the risk factors for adverse effects induced by antihypertensive drugs. • Lists drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions. • Explains drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions. • Lists adverse effects induced by peripheral vasodilator drugs. • Explains the mechanism of adverse effects induced by peripheral vasodilator drugs. • Explains the risk factors for adverse effects induced by peripheral vasodilator drugs. • Lists drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions. • Explains drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions. • Lists the adverse effects induced by antianginal drugs. • Explains the mechanism of antianginal drugs induced adverse effects. • Explains the risk factors for antianginal drugs induced adverse effects. • Lists drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions. • Explains drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions. • Lists the adverse effects induced by antiarrhythmic drugs. • Explains the mechanism of adverse effects induced by antiarrhythmic drugs. • Explains the risk factors of adverse effects induced by antiarrhythmic drugs. • Lists drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions. • Explains drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions. • Lists the adverse effects induced by drugs used in the treatment of heart failure. • Explains the mechanism of adverse effects induced by drugs used in the treatment of heart failure. • Explains the risk factors for adverse effects induced by drugs used in the treatment of heart failure. • Lists drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions. • Explains drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions. • Lists the adverse effects induced by hypolipidemic drugs. • Explains the mechanism of adverse effects induced by hypolipidemic drugs. • Explains the risk factors of adverse effects induced by hypolipidemic drugs. • Lists drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions. • Explains drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions. • Lists the adverse effects induced by anticoagulant drugs. • Explains the mechanism of adverse effects induced by anticoagulant drugs. • Explains the risk factors of adverse effects induced by anticoagulant drugs. • Lists drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions. • Explains drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions. • Lists the adverse effects induced by antithrombocytic drugs. • Explains the mechanism of adverse effects induced by antithrombocytic drugs. • Explains the risk factors for antitrombocytic drugs induced adverse effects. • Lists drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions. • Explains drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions. • Lists the adverse effects induced by thrombolytic drugs. • Explains the mechanism of adverse effects induced by thrombolytic drugs. • Explains the risk factors for the adverse effects induced by thrombolytic drugs. • Lists drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions. • Explains drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions. • Lists the adverse effects induced by hemostatic drugs and other hemostatic blood products used for replacement. • Explains the mechanism of hemostatic drugs and adverse effects induced by replacement and other hemostatic blood products. • Explains the risk factors for hemostatic drugs and adverse reactions induced by replacement and other hemostatic blood products. • Lists drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions. • Explains drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions. • Lists the adverse effects induced by solutions that extend blood, plasma products and plasma volume. • Explains the mechanism of adverse events induced by solutions that extend blood, plasma products and plasma volume. • Explains the risk factors for adverse effects induced by solutions that extend blood, plasma products and plasma volume. • Lists drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions. • Explains drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions.• Lists the adverse effects induced by antianemic drugs. • Explains the mechanism of adverse effects induced by antianemic drugs. • Explain the risk factors for adverse effects induced by antianemic drugs. • Lists drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions. • Explains drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions. • Lists the adverse effects induced by drugs affecting water, salt and acid-base balance. • Explains the mechanism of adverse effects induced by drugs affecting water, salt and acid-base balance. • Explains the risk factors for adverse effects induced by drugs affecting water, salt and acid-base balance. • Lists drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions. • Explains drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions.